What is the name of the theory developed by Wilson and Kelling whose ideas led to community policing efforts, believing a broken window signals deterioration and needs early intervention?

• A. Deterrence
• B. Routine Activity Theory
• C. Social Disorganization Theory
• D. Broken Window Hypothesis

Answer: (D)

The main concept being tested is that small signs of disorder in a neighborhood signal a breakdown of social control, and addressing those signs early can prevent crime from escalating. This idea, developed by Wilson and Kelling, is known as the Broken Windows Theory (also called the Broken Windows Hypothesis). It holds that visible deterioration, like a broken window, suggests that rules aren’t being enforced, inviting more disorder and crime unless authorities intervene promptly. Because of this, community policing emphasizes proactive, local problem solving and quick responses to minor offenses to maintain order and deter more serious crime. This perspective differs from deterrence, which centers on punishment threats; Routine Activity Theory, which looks at how opportunities for crime arise; and Social Disorganization Theory, which focuses on structural neighborhood factors.